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59.08 --- Animal experimentation --- Animal Experimentation --- Animals, Laboratory --- Research --- Laboratory Research --- Research Activities --- Research and Development --- Research Priorities --- Activities, Research --- Activity, Research --- Development and Research --- Priorities, Research --- Priority, Research --- Research Activity --- Research Priority --- Research, Laboratory --- Ethics, Research --- Laboratory Animals --- Animal, Laboratory --- Laboratory Animal --- Disease Models, Animal --- Biomedical Research --- Animal Experimental Use --- Animal Experiments --- Animal Research --- Animal Experiment --- Animal Experimental Uses --- Experiment, Animal --- Experimental Use, Animal --- Experimental Uses, Animal --- Experimentation, Animal --- Experiments, Animal --- Research, Animal --- Animal Use Alternatives --- Models, Animal --- Bioethical Issues --- 59.08 Zoological techniques. Experimental methods. Equipment --- Zoological techniques. Experimental methods. Equipment --- Moral and ethical aspects

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The Hedgehog signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved pathway that governs complex developmental processes, including stem cell maintenance, proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. Several recent studies have shown that the aberrant activation of Hedgehog signaling is associated with neoplastic transformation, cancer cell proliferation, metastasis, multiple cancers’ drug resistance, and survival rates. This book focuses on several aspects of Hedgehog signaling in organogenesis and the tumor microenvironment, and presents reviews and original papers on recent efforts in the field of Hedgehog signaling.

Medicine --- Cyp26 enzymes --- congenital anomalies --- CRE/LoxP --- hedgehog signaling --- mouse models --- retinoic acid --- smoothened --- sonic hedgehog --- sonic hedgehog (SHH) --- oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) --- tumor microenvironment (TME) --- tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) --- cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) --- tumor-associated angiogenesis --- hedgehog --- growth plate --- endochondral ossification --- chondrocyte --- osteoblast --- bone disease --- TMJ --- synovial joint --- articular disc --- Ihh --- PTHrP --- osteoarthritis --- epithelial–mesenchymal interaction (EMI) --- prostate cancer --- external genitalia --- androgen --- basement membrane --- bone morphogenetic protein --- stem cell --- animal experiment --- fracture healing --- cancer stem cells --- hypospadias --- urethra --- penis --- bone --- hedgehog signalling --- tooth development --- epithelial and mesenchymal interaction --- Gli1 --- mesenchymal stem cell --- lineage tracing analysis --- stem cell marker --- n/a --- epithelial-mesenchymal interaction (EMI)

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro

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Foamy viruses, currently referred to as spumaretroviruses, are the most ancient retroviruses as evidenced by traces of viral sequences dispersed in all vertebrate classes from fish to mammals. Additionally, infectious foamy viruses circulate in a variety of mammalian species including simian, bovine, equine, caprine, and feline. Foamy viruses have many unique features which led to the division of the retrovirus family into two subfamilies, the Orthoretrovirinae and Spumaretrovirinae. In vitro, foamy viruses have a broad host range and in vivo, human infections have been described due to cross-species transmission from infected nonhuman primates. Thus far, there are no reports of virus-induced disease in humans or in the natural host species. These unique properties of foamy viruses have led researchers to develop foamy viruses as gene therapy vectors to study virus–virus and virus–host interactions for identifying factors involved in virus replication, transmission, and immune regulation that could influence potential clinical outcomes in humans as well as for using endogenous foamy virus sequences in the analysis of host species evolution.

Medicine --- Neurosciences --- spumavirus --- feline illness --- proviral load --- neglected virus --- bovine foamy virus --- infectious clone --- particle release --- cell-free transmission --- foamy virus --- spumaretrovirus --- cross-species virus transmission --- zoonosis --- restriction factors --- immune responses --- FV vectors --- virus replication --- latent infection --- feline foamy virus --- epidemiology --- retrovirus --- Spumaretrovirus --- mountain lion --- Puma concolor --- ELISA --- protease --- reverse transcriptase --- RNase H --- reverse transcription --- antiviral drugs --- resistance --- simian foamy virus --- gibbon --- lesser apes --- co-evolution --- complete viral genome --- equine foamy virus --- isolation --- Japan --- sero-epidemiology --- reptile foamy virus --- endogenous foamy virus --- endogenous retrovirus --- ancient retroviruses --- co-speciation --- foamy virus-host interactions --- viral tropism --- infection --- kidney --- cats --- chronic kidney disease --- chronic renal disease --- integrase --- integration --- co-infections --- NHP --- pathogenesis --- zoonoses --- viral prevalence --- Neotropical primates --- free-living primates --- Brazil --- new world primates --- simian retrovirus --- BFV --- spuma virus --- model system --- animal model --- animal experiment --- miRNA function --- gene expression --- antiviral host restriction --- gene therapy --- in-vivo gene therapy --- hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells --- foamy virus vector --- pre-clinical canine model --- SCID-X1 --- innate sensing --- cGAS --- STING --- foamy viruses --- wild ruminants --- European bison --- red deer --- roe deer --- fallow deer --- seroreactivity --- inter-species transmission --- HSC --- gene marking --- FV gene transfer to HSCs --- gene therapy alternatives --- serotype --- high-throughput sequencing --- replication kinetics --- cytopathic effect --- reverse transcriptase activity --- miRNA expression --- virus-host-interaction --- miRNA target gene identification --- innate immunity --- ANKRD17 --- Bif1 (SH3GLB1) --- replication in vitro

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This book focuses on emerging wireless power/data and energy harvesting technologies, and highlights their fundamental requirements, followed by recent advancements. It provides a various technical overview and analysis of key techniques for wireless power/data and energy harvesting system design. The state-of-the-art system introduced in this book will benefit designers looking to develop wireless power transfer and energy harvesting technologies in a variety of fields, such as wearable, implantable devices, home appliances, and electric vehicles.

wireless power transfer --- capacitive power transfer --- parallel-plate contactless power --- MIMO --- NOMA --- precoding --- power allocation --- user-clustering --- power splitter --- mobile sensor --- hopping sensor --- relocation protocol --- energy efficient protocol --- internet of things (IoTs) --- wireless sensor networks (WSNs) --- simulation --- inductive power --- dual impedance --- dual band --- reflected resistance --- frequency splitting --- multiple coils --- mutual inductance --- parasitic effect --- practical mutual inductance --- transfer impedance --- wearable heater --- inductive-power transmission --- textile coil --- impedance matching network --- parasitic resistance --- power loss --- reflection coefficient --- Smith chart --- cylindrical joint --- electromagnetic fields --- rotation-free structure --- soil sensing --- decision agriculture --- smart farming --- Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) --- compensation topology --- optimal load --- output power level --- electric vehicle (EV) --- capacitive power transfer (CPT) systems --- wireless power transfer (WPT) systems --- e-class inverter --- wireless resonance energy link system --- cognitive radio --- energy harvesting --- full-duplex relay --- simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) --- zero-forcing precoding --- shielded loop coil --- SAR --- coupled resonance --- coil resistance --- substrate size --- implantable biomedical microsystems --- data telemetry --- low power --- high data rate --- binary phase-shift keying demodulation --- electric vehicle --- center alignment point --- ferrite antenna --- laser wireless power transmission --- PV module --- maximum power point --- battery charging --- wirelessly-powered cage --- inductive power transmission --- implantable medical device --- animal experiment --- reference circuit --- inductive link --- implantable device --- line regulation --- wireless power telemetry --- supply independence --- balanced coil --- foreign object detection --- Maxwell bridge --- metal object detection --- wireless power transmission (WPT) --- power conversion efficiency (PCE) --- mm-sized implant --- duty cycle --- pulsed power transmission --- power transfer efficiency (PTE) --- rectifier